A Short Handbook of Heat Treatment – Kamenichny

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About the Book

Ram point installation by cooling the point. Breakage of ram points is a major repair job in a Vulcan hammer (caused, in some cases, by use of wire rope biscuit as you see above.) Getting the “stump” of the point out was half the battle; click here for Vulcan’s recommendations. Putting one in was the other (also important for new rams and points.) For the smaller hammers, a press would do, but for hammers such as the Vulcan 5110, the best way was to shrink the point through freezing the small end (the “stump” when broken,) lifting it up and lowering it into a ram turned upside down. Although Vulcan installed points in new and used rams using this procedure, this is a very delicate procedure, failure of which could result in a cracked ram, point, or having the point hung up in the ram, which ruins both. As they say, “don’t try this at home!”

The present hand book aims at giving the operating personnel of heat-treatment shops a reference book which would serve to overcome difficulties arising in everyday practice.
The handbook describes heat-treatment charts, heat-treatment procedures for tools, parts of lathes, automobiles, and agricultural machinery.
In addition the handbook deals briefly with the following subjects: quality control of metals before and after heat-treatment; heat-treatment and case-hardening of steel; heat-treatment of cast iron, non-ferrous metals, and alloys. The book also contains some practical hints on safety engineering.

Proper heat treatment of the mostly ferrous (and the few non-ferrous) materials Vulcan used was critical for their proper performance during operation. This very nice book gives a detailed overview of these processes, albeit with Russian alloy designations. These designations can be easily related to their SAE, AISI or CDA equivalents. These also appeared in the Russian engineering that Vulcan obtained in the 1990’s, such as the diesel hammers and sea water hammers.

Preface 5

Chapter I. Physical Characteristics 7

Mechanical Characteristics 7
Thermal Characteristics 8
Electrical Characteristics 9
Some Properties of Elements and Materials Dealt with in Heat-treatment of Metals 10

Chapter II. Quality Control of Metals 13

Hardness 13
Detection of Cracks in Metals 22
Approximate Determination of Steel Composition 94

Chapter III. Steel 26

Constituents of Steel 26
Structure of Iron and Steel. Equilibrium Diagram of Iron-carbon Alloys 26
Alloying Elements and Their Effect on the Properties of Steel 31
Chemical Composition and. ‘Hardness of Market Steels 31
Common Uses of Various Grades of Steels and Alloys 61

Chapter IV. Heat-treatment of Steel 74

Heating of Steel 74
Oxidation and Decarburisation on Heating 76
Annealing 78
Normalising 81
Hardening 81
Tempering 93

Chapter V. Case-hardening 104

Carburising 104
Nitriding 113
Cyaniding 116
Calorising 122
Sulphiding (sulphating) 122
Cleaning and Pickling of Articles after Heat-treatment 128
Anticorrosion Protection for Articles after Heat-treatment 129

Chapter VI. Heat-treatment Technology 130

Approximate Heat-treatment Schedules and Mechanical Properties of Various Grades of Steels 130
Practical Hints on Heat-treatment of Articles 161

Chapter VII. Heat-treatment of Cast Iron 197
Chapter VIII. Heat-treatment of Non-ferrous Metals 201
Chapter IX. Forging of Ferrous and Non-ferrous Metals 203